.\" This manpage is copyright (C) 1992 Drew Eckhardt,
.\"     copyright (C) 1995 Michael Shields,
.\"     copyright (C) 2001 Paul Sheer,
.\"     copyright (C) 2006, 2019 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
.\"
.\" Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
.\" Modified 1995-05-18 by Jim Van Zandt <jrv@vanzandt.mv.com>
.\" Sun Feb 11 14:07:00 MET 1996  Martin Schulze  <joey@linux.de>
.\"	* layout slightly modified
.\"
.\" Modified Mon Oct 21 23:05:29 EDT 1996 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
.\" Modified Thu Feb 24 01:41:09 CET 2000 by aeb
.\" Modified Thu Feb  9 22:32:09 CET 2001 by bert hubert <ahu@ds9a.nl>, aeb
.\" Modified Mon Nov 11 14:35:00 PST 2002 by Ben Woodard <ben@zork.net>
.\" 2005-03-11, mtk, modified pselect() text (it is now a system
.\"     call in Linux 2.6.16.
.\"
.TH select 2 2024-06-15 "Linux man-pages 6.9.1"
.SH NAME
select, pselect, FD_CLR, FD_ISSET, FD_SET, FD_ZERO, fd_set \-
synchronous I/O multiplexing
.SH LIBRARY
Standard C library
.RI ( libc ", " \-lc )
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B #include <sys/select.h>
.P
.BR typedef " /* ... */ " fd_set;
.P
.BI "int select(int " nfds ", fd_set *_Nullable restrict " readfds ,
.BI "           fd_set *_Nullable restrict " writefds ,
.BI "           fd_set *_Nullable restrict " exceptfds ,
.BI "           struct timeval *_Nullable restrict " timeout );
.P
.BI "void FD_CLR(int " fd ", fd_set *" set );
.BI "int  FD_ISSET(int " fd ", fd_set *" set );
.BI "void FD_SET(int " fd ", fd_set *" set );
.BI "void FD_ZERO(fd_set *" set );
.P
.BI "int pselect(int " nfds ", fd_set *_Nullable restrict " readfds ,
.BI "           fd_set *_Nullable restrict " writefds ,
.BI "           fd_set *_Nullable restrict " exceptfds ,
.BI "           const struct timespec *_Nullable restrict " timeout ,
.BI "           const sigset_t *_Nullable restrict " sigmask );
.fi
.P
.RS -4
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
.BR feature_test_macros (7)):
.RE
.P
.BR pselect ():
.nf
    _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.BR "WARNING" :
.BR select ()
can monitor only file descriptors numbers that are less than
.B FD_SETSIZE
(1024)\[em]an unreasonably low limit for many modern applications\[em]and
this limitation will not change.
All modern applications should instead use
.BR poll (2)
or
.BR epoll (7),
which do not suffer this limitation.
.P
.BR select ()
allows a program to monitor multiple file descriptors,
waiting until one or more of the file descriptors become "ready"
for some class of I/O operation (e.g., input possible).
A file descriptor is considered ready if it is possible to
perform a corresponding I/O operation (e.g.,
.BR read (2),
or a sufficiently small
.BR write (2))
without blocking.
.\"
.SS fd_set
A structure type that can represent a set of file descriptors.
According to POSIX,
the maximum number of file descriptors in an
.I fd_set
structure is the value of the macro
.BR FD_SETSIZE .
.\"
.SS File descriptor sets
The principal arguments of
.BR select ()
are three "sets" of file descriptors (declared with the type
.IR fd_set ),
which allow the caller to wait for three classes of events
on the specified set of file descriptors.
Each of the
.I fd_set
arguments may be specified as NULL if no file descriptors are
to be watched for the corresponding class of events.
.P
.BR "Note well" :
Upon return, each of the file descriptor sets is modified in place
to indicate which file descriptors are currently "ready".
Thus, if using
.BR select ()
within a loop, the sets \fImust be reinitialized\fP before each call.
.P
The contents of a file descriptor set can be manipulated
using the following macros:
.TP
.BR FD_ZERO ()
This macro clears (removes all file descriptors from)
.IR set .
It should be employed as the first step in initializing a file descriptor set.
.TP
.BR FD_SET ()
This macro adds the file descriptor
.I fd
to
.IR set .
Adding a file descriptor that is already present in the set is a no-op,
and does not produce an error.
.TP
.BR FD_CLR ()
This macro removes the file descriptor
.I fd
from
.IR set .
Removing a file descriptor that is not present in the set is a no-op,
and does not produce an error.
.TP
.BR FD_ISSET ()
.BR select ()
modifies the contents of the sets according to the rules
described below.
After calling
.BR select (),
the
.BR FD_ISSET ()
macro
can be used to test if a file descriptor is still present in a set.
.BR FD_ISSET ()
returns nonzero if the file descriptor
.I fd
is present in
.IR set ,
and zero if it is not.
.\"
.SS Arguments
The arguments of
.BR select ()
are as follows:
.TP
.I readfds
The file descriptors in this set are watched to see if they are
ready for reading.
A file descriptor is ready for reading if a read operation will not
block; in particular, a file descriptor is also ready on end-of-file.
.IP
After
.BR select ()
has returned, \fIreadfds\fP will be
cleared of all file descriptors except for those that are ready for reading.
.TP
.I writefds
The file descriptors in this set are watched to see if they are
ready for writing.
A file descriptor is ready for writing if a write operation will not block.
However, even if a file descriptor indicates as writable,
a large write may still block.
.IP
After
.BR select ()
has returned, \fIwritefds\fP will be
cleared of all file descriptors except for those that are ready for writing.
.TP
.I exceptfds
The file descriptors in this set are watched for "exceptional conditions".
For examples of some exceptional conditions, see the discussion of
.B POLLPRI
in
.BR poll (2).
.IP
After
.BR select ()
has returned,
\fIexceptfds\fP will be cleared of all file descriptors except for those
for which an exceptional condition has occurred.
.TP
.I nfds
This argument should be set to the highest-numbered file descriptor in any
of the three sets, plus 1.
The indicated file descriptors in each set are checked, up to this limit
(but see BUGS).
.TP
.I timeout
The
.I timeout
argument is a
.I timeval
structure (shown below) that specifies the interval that
.BR select ()
should block waiting for a file descriptor to become ready.
The call will block until either:
.RS
.IP \[bu] 3
a file descriptor becomes ready;
.IP \[bu]
the call is interrupted by a signal handler; or
.IP \[bu]
the timeout expires.
.RE
.IP
Note that the
.I timeout
interval will be rounded up to the system clock granularity,
and kernel scheduling delays mean that the blocking interval
may overrun by a small amount.
.IP
If both fields of the
.I timeval
structure are zero, then
.BR select ()
returns immediately.
(This is useful for polling.)
.IP
If
.I timeout
is specified as NULL,
.BR select ()
blocks indefinitely waiting for a file descriptor to become ready.
.\"
.SS pselect()
The
.BR pselect ()
system call allows an application to safely wait until either
a file descriptor becomes ready or until a signal is caught.
.P
The operation of
.BR select ()
and
.BR pselect ()
is identical, other than these three differences:
.IP \[bu] 3
.BR select ()
uses a timeout that is a
.I struct timeval
(with seconds and microseconds), while
.BR pselect ()
uses a
.I struct timespec
(with seconds and nanoseconds).
.IP \[bu]
.BR select ()
may update the
.I timeout
argument to indicate how much time was left.
.BR pselect ()
does not change this argument.
.IP \[bu]
.BR select ()
has no
.I sigmask
argument, and behaves as
.BR pselect ()
called with NULL
.IR sigmask .
.P
.I sigmask
is a pointer to a signal mask (see
.BR sigprocmask (2));
if it is not NULL, then
.BR pselect ()
first replaces the current signal mask by the one pointed to by
.IR sigmask ,
then does the "select" function, and then restores the original
signal mask.
(If
.I sigmask
is NULL,
the signal mask is not modified during the
.BR pselect ()
call.)
.P
Other than the difference in the precision of the
.I timeout
argument, the following
.BR pselect ()
call:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
ready = pselect(nfds, &readfds, &writefds, &exceptfds,
                timeout, &sigmask);
.EE
.in
.P
is equivalent to
.I atomically
executing the following calls:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
sigset_t origmask;
\&
pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &sigmask, &origmask);
ready = select(nfds, &readfds, &writefds, &exceptfds, timeout);
pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &origmask, NULL);
.EE
.in
.P
The reason that
.BR pselect ()
is needed is that if one wants to wait for either a signal
or for a file descriptor to become ready, then
an atomic test is needed to prevent race conditions.
(Suppose the signal handler sets a global flag and
returns.
Then a test of this global flag followed by a call of
.BR select ()
could hang indefinitely if the signal arrived just after the test
but just before the call.
By contrast,
.BR pselect ()
allows one to first block signals, handle the signals that have come in,
then call
.BR pselect ()
with the desired
.IR sigmask ,
avoiding the race.)
.SS The timeout
The
.I timeout
argument for
.BR select ()
is a structure of the following type:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
struct timeval {
    time_t      tv_sec;         /* seconds */
    suseconds_t tv_usec;        /* microseconds */
};
.EE
.in
.P
The corresponding argument for
.BR pselect ()
is a
.BR timespec (3)
structure.
.P
On Linux,
.BR select ()
modifies
.I timeout
to reflect the amount of time not slept; most other implementations
do not do this.
(POSIX.1 permits either behavior.)
This causes problems both when Linux code which reads
.I timeout
is ported to other operating systems, and when code is ported to Linux
that reuses a \fIstruct timeval\fP for multiple
.BR select ()s
in a loop without reinitializing it.
Consider
.I timeout
to be undefined after
.BR select ()
returns.
.\" .P - it is rumored that:
.\" On BSD, when a timeout occurs, the file descriptor bits are not changed.
.\" - it is certainly true that:
.\" Linux follows SUSv2 and sets the bit masks to zero upon a timeout.
.SH RETURN VALUE
On success,
.BR select ()
and
.BR pselect ()
return the number of file descriptors contained in the three returned
descriptor sets (that is, the total number of bits that are set in
.IR readfds ,
.IR writefds ,
.IR exceptfds ).
The return value may be zero if the timeout expired before any
file descriptors became ready.
.P
On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
is set to indicate the error;
the file descriptor sets are unmodified,
and
.I timeout
becomes undefined.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.B EBADF
An invalid file descriptor was given in one of the sets.
(Perhaps a file descriptor that was already closed,
or one on which an error has occurred.)
However, see BUGS.
.TP
.B EINTR
A signal was caught; see
.BR signal (7).
.TP
.B EINVAL
.I nfds
is negative or exceeds the
.B RLIMIT_NOFILE
resource limit (see
.BR getrlimit (2)).
.TP
.B EINVAL
The value contained within
.I timeout
is invalid.
.TP
.B ENOMEM
Unable to allocate memory for internal tables.
.SH VERSIONS
On some other UNIX systems,
.\" Darwin, according to a report by Jeremy Sequoia, relayed by Josh Triplett
.BR select ()
can fail with the error
.B EAGAIN
if the system fails to allocate kernel-internal resources, rather than
.B ENOMEM
as Linux does.
POSIX specifies this error for
.BR poll (2),
but not for
.BR select ().
Portable programs may wish to check for
.B EAGAIN
and loop, just as with
.BR EINTR .
.SH STANDARDS
POSIX.1-2008.
.SH HISTORY
.TP
.BR select ()
POSIX.1-2001, 4.4BSD (first appeared in 4.2BSD).
.IP
Generally portable to/from
non-BSD systems supporting clones of the BSD socket layer (including
System\ V variants).
However, note that the System\ V variant typically
sets the timeout variable before returning, but the BSD variant does not.
.TP
.BR pselect ()
Linux 2.6.16.
POSIX.1g, POSIX.1-2001.
.IP
Prior to this,
it was emulated in glibc (but see BUGS).
.TP
.B fd_set
POSIX.1-2001.
.SH NOTES
The following header also provides the
.I fd_set
type:
.IR <sys/time.h> .
.P
An
.I fd_set
is a fixed size buffer.
Executing
.BR FD_CLR ()
or
.BR FD_SET ()
with a value of
.I fd
that is negative or is equal to or larger than
.B FD_SETSIZE
will result
in undefined behavior.
Moreover, POSIX requires
.I fd
to be a valid file descriptor.
.P
The operation of
.BR select ()
and
.BR pselect ()
is not affected by the
.B O_NONBLOCK
flag.
.\"
.SS The self-pipe trick
On systems that lack
.BR pselect (),
reliable (and more portable) signal trapping can be achieved
using the self-pipe trick.
In this technique,
a signal handler writes a byte to a pipe whose other end
is monitored by
.BR select ()
in the main program.
(To avoid possibly blocking when writing to a pipe that may be full
or reading from a pipe that may be empty,
nonblocking I/O is used when reading from and writing to the pipe.)
.\"
.SS Emulating usleep(3)
Before the advent of
.BR usleep (3),
some code employed a call to
.BR select ()
with all three sets empty,
.I nfds
zero, and a non-NULL
.I timeout
as a fairly portable way to sleep with subsecond precision.
.\"
.SS Correspondence between select() and poll() notifications
Within the Linux kernel source,
.\" fs/select.c
we find the following definitions which show the correspondence
between the readable, writable, and exceptional condition notifications of
.BR select ()
and the event notifications provided by
.BR poll (2)
and
.BR epoll (7):
.P
.in +4n
.EX
#define POLLIN_SET  (EPOLLRDNORM | EPOLLRDBAND | EPOLLIN |
                     EPOLLHUP | EPOLLERR)
                   /* Ready for reading */
#define POLLOUT_SET (EPOLLWRBAND | EPOLLWRNORM | EPOLLOUT |
                     EPOLLERR)
                   /* Ready for writing */
#define POLLEX_SET  (EPOLLPRI)
                   /* Exceptional condition */
.EE
.in
.\"
.SS Multithreaded applications
If a file descriptor being monitored by
.BR select ()
is closed in another thread, the result is unspecified.
On some UNIX systems,
.BR select ()
unblocks and returns, with an indication that the file descriptor is ready
(a subsequent I/O operation will likely fail with an error,
unless another process reopens the file descriptor between the time
.BR select ()
returned and the I/O operation is performed).
On Linux (and some other systems),
closing the file descriptor in another thread has no effect on
.BR select ().
In summary, any application that relies on a particular behavior
in this scenario must be considered buggy.
.\"
.SS C library/kernel differences
The Linux kernel allows file descriptor sets of arbitrary size,
determining the length of the sets to be checked from the value of
.IR nfds .
However, in the glibc implementation, the
.I fd_set
type is fixed in size.
See also BUGS.
.P
The
.BR pselect ()
interface described in this page is implemented by glibc.
The underlying Linux system call is named
.BR pselect6 ().
This system call has somewhat different behavior from the glibc
wrapper function.
.P
The Linux
.BR pselect6 ()
system call modifies its
.I timeout
argument.
However, the glibc wrapper function hides this behavior
by using a local variable for the timeout argument that
is passed to the system call.
Thus, the glibc
.BR pselect ()
function does not modify its
.I timeout
argument;
this is the behavior required by POSIX.1-2001.
.P
The final argument of the
.BR pselect6 ()
system call is not a
.I "sigset_t\ *"
pointer, but is instead a structure of the form:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
struct {
    const kernel_sigset_t *ss;   /* Pointer to signal set */
    size_t ss_len;               /* Size (in bytes) of object
                                    pointed to by \[aq]ss\[aq] */
};
.EE
.in
.P
This allows the system call to obtain both
a pointer to the signal set and its size,
while allowing for the fact that most architectures
support a maximum of 6 arguments to a system call.
See
.BR sigprocmask (2)
for a discussion of the difference between the kernel and libc
notion of the signal set.
.\"
.SS Historical glibc details
glibc 2.0 provided an incorrect version of
.BR pselect ()
that did not take a
.I sigmask
argument.
.P
From glibc 2.1 to glibc 2.2.1,
one must define
.B _GNU_SOURCE
in order to obtain the declaration of
.BR pselect ()
from
.IR <sys/select.h> .
.SH BUGS
POSIX allows an implementation to define an upper limit,
advertised via the constant
.BR FD_SETSIZE ,
on the range of file descriptors that can be specified
in a file descriptor set.
The Linux kernel imposes no fixed limit, but the glibc implementation makes
.I fd_set
a fixed-size type, with
.B FD_SETSIZE
defined as 1024, and the
.BR FD_* ()
macros operating according to that limit.
To monitor file descriptors greater than 1023, use
.BR poll (2)
or
.BR epoll (7)
instead.
.P
The implementation of the
.I fd_set
arguments as value-result arguments is a design error that is avoided in
.BR poll (2)
and
.BR epoll (7).
.P
According to POSIX,
.BR select ()
should check all specified file descriptors in the three file descriptor sets,
up to the limit
.IR nfds\-1 .
However, the current implementation ignores any file descriptor in
these sets that is greater than the maximum file descriptor number
that the process currently has open.
According to POSIX, any such file descriptor that is specified in one
of the sets should result in the error
.BR EBADF .
.P
Starting with glibc 2.1, glibc provided an emulation of
.BR pselect ()
that was implemented using
.BR sigprocmask (2)
and
.BR select ().
This implementation remained vulnerable to the very race condition that
.BR pselect ()
was designed to prevent.
Modern versions of glibc use the (race-free)
.BR pselect ()
system call on kernels where it is provided.
.P
On Linux,
.BR select ()
may report a socket file descriptor as "ready for reading", while
nevertheless a subsequent read blocks.
This could for example
happen when data has arrived but upon examination has the wrong
checksum and is discarded.
There may be other circumstances
in which a file descriptor is spuriously reported as ready.
.\" Stevens discusses a case where accept can block after select
.\" returns successfully because of an intervening RST from the client.
Thus it may be safer to use
.B O_NONBLOCK
on sockets that should not block.
.\" Maybe the kernel should have returned EIO in such a situation?
.P
On Linux,
.BR select ()
also modifies
.I timeout
if the call is interrupted by a signal handler (i.e., the
.B EINTR
error return).
This is not permitted by POSIX.1.
The Linux
.BR pselect ()
system call has the same behavior,
but the glibc wrapper hides this behavior by internally copying the
.I timeout
to a local variable and passing that variable to the system call.
.SH EXAMPLES
.\" SRC BEGIN (select.c)
.EX
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
\&
int
main(void)
{
    int             retval;
    fd_set          rfds;
    struct timeval  tv;
\&
    /* Watch stdin (fd 0) to see when it has input. */
\&
    FD_ZERO(&rfds);
    FD_SET(0, &rfds);
\&
    /* Wait up to five seconds. */
\&
    tv.tv_sec = 5;
    tv.tv_usec = 0;
\&
    retval = select(1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
    /* Don\[aq]t rely on the value of tv now! */
\&
    if (retval == \-1)
        perror("select()");
    else if (retval)
        printf("Data is available now.\[rs]n");
        /* FD_ISSET(0, &rfds) will be true. */
    else
        printf("No data within five seconds.\[rs]n");
\&
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
.EE
.\" SRC END
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR accept (2),
.BR connect (2),
.BR poll (2),
.BR read (2),
.BR recv (2),
.BR restart_syscall (2),
.BR send (2),
.BR sigprocmask (2),
.BR write (2),
.BR timespec (3),
.BR epoll (7),
.BR time (7)
.P
For a tutorial with discussion and examples, see
.BR select_tut (2).
